GATE ARCHITECTURE 2021 - PART 2

GATE AR PAPER 2021 SOLVED PART 1

GATE AR PAPER 2021 SOLVED PART 3

Architecture and Planning

Q.1) As per National Building Code of India, 2016, the function of an Automatic Rescue Device is to

A. Bring a stuck lift to the nearest landing level.

B. Control fire in electrical system at plenum level.

C. Control the escape route lighting system.

D. Trigger fire sprinkler system.

Explanation: As per NBC, Part 8/ Section 5A

Automatic Rescue Device (ARD)  is a device meant to bring a lift stuck between floors due to loss of power, to the nearest landing level in either direction and open the doors in order to allow trapped passengers to be evacuated. Such a device may use some form of internal auxiliary power source for such purpose, complying with all the safety requirements of the lift during normal run. The speed of travel is usually lower than the normal speed. On reaching the level, in case of manual door lifts, the device shall allow the door to be opened and in case of power operated door lifts the device shall automatically open the door.

Q.2) Which among the following acronyms represent a thermal comfort index

A. PMV

B. NDVI 

C. DEM

D. PCA

Explanation: Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses  satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by  subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55).

The predicted mean vote (PMV)  predicts the average vote of a large group of people on the a seven-point thermal sensation scale where:

+3 = hot

+2 = warm

+1 = slightly warm

0 = neutral

-1 = slightly cool

-2 = cool

-3 = cold.

Q.3) Indian satellite sensor that can be used for very high resolution mapping of urban areas is

A. LANDSAT.

B. CARTOSAT.

C. RESOURCESAT.

D. MODIS.

Explanation: The Cartosat satellites are a series of Indian optical earth observation satellites built and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The Cartosat series is a part of the Indian Remote Sensing Program.

Cartosat-3 will address the increased user’s demands for large scale urban planning, rural resource and infrastructure development, coastal land use and land cover etc.

Q.4) What is the smallest entity of raster data used in GIS?

A. Line 

B. Pixel

C. Point 

D. Polygon

Explanation: Commonly used in remote sensing to describe each unit in an image. In raster GIS the pixel equivalent is usually referred to as a cell element or grid cell. Pixel/cell refers to the smallest unit of information available in an image or raster map.

Q.5) The correct sequence of stages during firing/ burning of bricks is

A. Dehydration-Oxidation-Vitrification-Cooling.

B. Vitrification-Dehydration-Oxidation-Cooling.

C. Oxidation-Dehydration-Vitrification-Cooling.

D. Cooling-Oxidation-Vitrification-Dehydration.

Explanation: Source: Manufacturing of Bricks | Method, Process, Types. (civilseek.com) 

Stage 5: Cooling and Burning of Bricks

Dehydration: It is completed within the temperature range of 425 – 750° C. Bricks heated to this temperature lose all the free water and most of the water of crystallization.

Oxidation: It also starts within the above range or temperature and is completed at about 900°C.  All the organic matter in the brick-earth gets oxidized; carbon and sulphur are eliminated as oxides.

Vitrification: is the extreme reaction that takes place from 900°C to 1100°C or so. The constituents of brick clay, that is alumina and clay, start softening in the presence of fluxes and getting bound together firmly.

Cooling: In this stage of manufacturing of bricks, The burnt bricks are placed for some time to be cooled before using it in the construction.

Q.6) Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) in BIM is

A. A module used to improve energy savings.

B. An algorithm related to the precision of BIM model.

C. A program based on Bezier Splines.

D. An object oriented data model to facilitate interoperability.

Explanation: Source: IFC what's it for? What's its connection with BIM? - BibLus (accasoftware.com)The main purpose of the IFC (Industry foundation classes) data format is to allow the interchange of an information model without loss or distortion of data or information (implying interoperability). 

Q.7) As per urban design principles proposed by Gordon Cullen, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, is an example of

A. Serial Vision.

B. Pinpointing.

C. Occupied territory.

D. Here and there.

Explanation: English architect and urban designer Gordon Cullen developed the term serial vision to describe what a pedestrian experiences when moving through a built environment. The pedestrian's view continually changes when following a curving pathway, entering a courtyard, or turning a corner.

Rashtrapati Bhawan
Photo by: Mohd Aram

Source: 5 Examples of Serial Vision- How Architecture Guides Your Eyes - RTF (re-thinkingthefuture.com)

Rashtrapati Bhawan
Photo by: Mohd Aram

Designed by Herbert Baker and Edward Lutyens, the new capital was envisioned on the principles of Garden City. In this example, serial vision is used to suggest the majestic and authoritative nature of the building in focus.

Q.8) A waste water pipe connecting two inspection chambers (IC) is laid at a slope of 1:200. The Invert Level of the starting IC is -450 mm. The invert level of the second pit at a distance of 40 m from the first IC is

A. -650 mm.

B. -200 mm.

C. -250 mm.

D. -550 mm.

Explanation: As per IS 1742-1983 Code if Practice for Building Drainage,

Inspection Chamber - A water-tight chamber constructed in any house-drainage system which takes wastes from gully traps and disposes of to manhole with access for inspection and maintenance. 

Invert - The lowest point of the internal surface of a pipe of channel at any cross section.  

Source: Microsoft Word - S-15-2008-web.doc (wsscwater.com)

Slope = 1/200 = 0.005

Invert level difference = Slope * Pipe distance = 0.005 * 40000 mm = 200 mm

Also, Invert level difference = Invert Level of the IC pit 2 - Invert Level of the IC pit 1

Therefore, Invert Level of the IC pit 2 = Invert Level of the IC pit 1 + Invert level difference = 450 mm + 200 mm = 650 mm

Q.9) From the images P, Q and R given below, select the corresponding land use categories according to Alonso’s Bid Rent Theory.

A. P-Manufacturing; Q-Residential; R-Retail

B. P-Retail; Q-Residential; R-Manufacturing

C. P-Residential; Q-Retail; R-Manufacturing

D. P-Retail; Q- Manufacturing; R- Residential 

Explanation: The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. 

Bid Rent theory
Photo by: SyntaxError55

This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater the concentration of customers), the more profitable.

Q.10) The urban land use model based on the concept of a polycentric city is known as

A. Burgess Model.

B. Harris and Ullman model.

C. Hagerstrand’s Model.

D. Homer Hoyt’s model.

Explanation: Polycentric means having more than one center.

Urban land use theory
Image source: Urban Land-Use Theories - ppt download (slideplayer.com)

Image Source: Human Geography – Urban Land Use & Planning Chapter 6 - ppt video online download (slideplayer.com)

Q.11) The total head or total lift against which a pump works includes suction lift, discharge lift and

A. Cone of depression

B. Salvage lift

C. Water horse power

D. Frictional head loss

Explanation: Source: Pumping Terminology - National Pump & Energy

Pump installation

Static Head – The hydraulic pressure at a point in a fluid when the liquid is at rest.

Friction Head – The loss in pressure or energy due to frictional losses in flow.

Discharge Head – The outlet pressure of a pump in operation.

Total Head – The total pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of a pump in operation.

Suction Head – The inlet pressure of a pump when above atmospheric pressure.

Suction Lift – The inlet pressure of a pump when below atmospheric pressure.

Image source: Pump Head vs Discharge Pressure (Easy explanation and examples) – AMARINE (amarineblog.com)

Q.12) The two components for measuring time of concentration for storm water are

A. Overland flow time and retention time.

B. Overland flow time and gutter flow time.

C. Detention time and gutter flow time.

D. Retention time and inlet time.

Explanation: Source: Estimating sewage discharge and peak drainage discharge (slideshare.net)

Q.13) The traffic assignment technique where the traffic arranges itself in congested networks such that the journey time in all used routes between an Origin-Destination pair are equal and less than those that would be experienced in all unused routes. This is known as

A. System equilibrium.

B. All-or-nothing.

C. User equilibrium.

D. Incremental

Explanation: The user equilibrium assignment is based on Wardrop’s first principle, which states that no driver can unilaterally reduce his/her travel costs by shifting to another route.

User equilibrium (UE): Find a feasible assignment in which all used paths. have equal and minimal travel times. System optimum (SO): Find a feasible assignment which minimizes the. total system travel time.

Q.14) What is the dependent variable in a regression based trip generation model?

A. Population of Traffic Analysis Zone

B. Number of trips

C. Number of employees

D. Number of households

Explanation: Trip generation is the first stage of the classical first generation aggregate demand models. The trip generation aims at predicting the total number of trips generated and attracted to each zone of the study area. In other words this stage answers the questions to “how many trips” originate at each zone, from the data on household and socioeconomic attributes. 

Q.15) The curve traced by a point on a circle rolling inside another circle is known as

A. Hypocycloid.

B. Helix.

C. Involute.

D. Hyperbola.

Explanation: Source: Hypocycloid -- from Wolfram MathWorld

Hypocycloid

Q.16) The law of Primate City was first proposed by

A. Samuel A. Stouffer.

B. Colin Clark.

C. Mark Jefferson.

D. Harold Hotelling.

Explanation: Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city to explain the phenomenon of huge cities that capture such a large proportion of a country's population as well as its economic activity. These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country. An excellent example of a primate city is Paris, which truly represents and serves as the focus of France.

Examples of Countries With Primate Cities

Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles has a population of 1.3 million.

Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second-largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people.

Mexico City, Mexico (8.6 million) outshines Guadalajara (1.6 million).

A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city, Nonthaburi (481,000).

Examples of Countries That Lack Primate Cities

India's most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 16 million; second is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with more than 13 million. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries.

Q.17) In the European Union which constitutes the cities namely, London, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich and Milan, lie within a linear megalopolitan zone known as

A. Purple Zone

B. Golden Polygon

C. Blue Banana

D. Yellow Corridor

Explanation: The Blue Banana (also known as the European Megalopolis or the Liverpool–Milan Axis) is a discontinuous corridor of urbanization spreading over Western and Central Europe, with a population of around 111 million. The concept was developed in 1989 by RECLUS, a group of French geographers managed by Roger Brunet. 

The Blue Banana

It stretches approximately from North West England through the English Midlands across Greater London to the European Metropolis of Lille, the Benelux states and along the German Rhineland, Southern Germany, Alsace-Moselle in France in the west and Switzerland (Basel and Zürich) to Northern Italy (Milan and Turin) in the south.

Q.18) An urban governance tool to mobilize financial resources by permitting additional FAR over and above the prescribed FAR by imposing a charge or fee for the same is known as

A. Betterment Levy

B. Impact fee

C. Land Value Increment Tax

D. Floor Area Incentive Tax

Explanation: Land value increment tax is collected on the total incremental value at the time of the transfer of the title of land which has previously been set at a certain value. 

The taxpayers of land value increment tax are as follows:

For land transferred with compensation, the original title owner.

For land transferred without compensation, the acquired title owner.

Q.19) Identify the colour palette that is created using any three equally spaced hues around the colour wheel.

A. Split-complementary

B. Analogous

C. Triads

D. Complementary

Explanation: Source: Color Harmonies: complementary, analogous, triadic color schemes (tigercolor.com)

• Split-Complementary

Split complementary

The split-complementary color scheme is a variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to the base color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement.

• Analogous

Analogous colors

Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each other on the color wheel. They usually match well and create serene and comfortable designs.

• Triad

Triad colors

A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel.

• Complementary

Complementary colors

Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are considered to be complementary colors (example: red and green).

Q.20) Coefficient of Performance (COP) for heat pump is used to calculate

A. The number of air changes.

B. The Energy Efficiency Ratio.

C. The Energy Select Sector index.

D. The Indoor Air Quality index.

Explanation: Source: COPs, EERs, and SEERs – Power Knot SRA

The Coefficient of Performance, COP is a measure of the amount of power input to a system compared to the amount of power output by that system.

COP = (POWER OUTPUT/ POWER INPUT)

The COP is therefore a measurement of efficiency; the higher the number, the more efficient the system is. The COP is dimensionless because the input power and output power are measured in Watt.

The Energy Efficiency Ratio, EER is the ratio of output cooling energy (in BTU) to electrical input energy (in Watt-hour).

EER = (OUTPUT COOLING ENERGY IN BTU/ INPUT ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN Wh)

The units are therefore BTU/W/h or more formally BTU.W-1.h-1.

Also, EER = COP*3.41

As with EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, SEER is the ratio of output cooling energy (in BTU) to electrical input energy (in Watt-hour). However the SEER is a representative measurement of how the system behaves over a season where the outdoor temperature varies:

SEER = (OUTPUT COOLING ENERGY IN BTU OVER A SEASON/ INPUT ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN Wh DURING THE SAME SEASON)

Q.21) Freight flows are converted to truck flows using

A. Volume factor.

B. Weight factor.

C. Payload factor.

D. Distance load factor.

Explanation: Freight refer to goods being transported from place to place. Payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or launch vehicle, usually measured in terms of weight.

Source: Research, Development, and Application of Methods to Update Freight Analysis Framework Out-of-Scope Commodity Flow Data and Truck Payload Factors - Chapter 10. Existing Freight Analysis Framework 4 Truck Payload Factors Methods - Office of Operations (dot.gov)

Transportation agencies analyze highway deficiencies based on the number of vehicles traveling on highway facilities and comparing that demand to the capacity of those facilities. The Freight Analysis Framework reports and forecasts annual flows in tons between origins and destinations by commodity according two-digit digit Standard Classification of Transported Goods (SCTG2) and mode. By filtering only flows for Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) truck modes, the flows can be reported as a standard origin destination table, by SCTG2 commodity. In order to convert those flows into truck trips, it is necessary to divide those tons by the average of tons per truck. Truck Payload Factors (TPF), often known as truck payload factors, are used to convert those flows in tons into flows by trucks.

The process used to apply payload factors in FAF4 is shown below:

Flow chart. Freight analysis framework version 4 truck conversion flow diagram

The process develops payload factors by truck size and configuration like: 

• Single Unit Trucks
• Truck plus Trailer Combinations
• Tractor plus Semitrailer Combinations
• Tractor plus Double Trailer Combinations
• Tractor plus Triple Trailer Combinations

Q.22) Rebound hammer test is used to measure

A. Permeability of concrete.

B. Bond stress between rebar and concrete.

C. Compressive strength of concrete.

D. Tensile strength of concrete.

Explanation: Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing method of concrete which provide a convenient and rapid indication of the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound hammer is also called as Schmidt hammer.

Q.23) Which type of temporary supporting structure can be used in case of rebuilding the lower part of a load bearing wall at ground floor above plinth level?

A. Dead Shore

B. Pit Underpinning

C. Flying Shore

D. Needle Scaffolding

Explanation: Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure.

Dead shore is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and roofs, floors, etc when the lower part of a wall has been removed for the purpose of providing an opening in the wall or to rebuild a defective load bearing wall in a structure.

Q.24) During earthquake, soft storey failure in a building is due to 

A. Shear failure initiated by short column effect

B. Stress discontinuity initiated by abrupt changes of stiffness

C. Failure of column initiated by weak column-strong beam effect

D. Drift of building storey initiated by pounding effect

Explanation: Source: Microsoft Word - 15WCEE Guevara Perez 4 Final paper 0183.doc (iitk.ac.in)

The soft story irregularity, refers to the existence of a building floor that presents a significantly lower stiffness than the others, hence it is also called: flexible story. It is commonly generate unconscientiously due to the elimination or reduction in number of rigid non-structural walls in one of the floors of a building, or for not considering on the structural design and analysis, the restriction to free deformation that enforces on the rest of the floors, the attachment of rigid elements to structural components that were not originally taken into consideration. 

Q.25) Following five activities are associated with construction contract management. Choose the option showing the correct progressive sequence of the activities.

P	Opening of Bid
Q	Submission of Security Deposit
R	Publication of Notice Inviting Tender (NIT)
S	Issue of Letter of Intent (LOI)
T	Submission of Earnest Money Deposit(EMD)

A. R-Q-P-T-S

B. S-P-R-T-Q

C. R-T-P-S-Q

D. S-T-P-R-Q

Explanation: Source: Explain Earnest Money Deposit & Security Deposit. (ques10.com)

Earnest Money Deposit:

• Earnest money is assurance or guarantee in the form of cash on the part of the contractor to keep open the offer for consideration and to confirm his intentions to take up the work accepted in his favour for execution as per terms and conditions in the tender.
• In case a tender fails to commence the work awarded to him, the earnest money is forfeited to government. No interest is payable upon the earnest money to the contractors.
• EMD of the lowest tenderer whose tender is normally accepted is retained by the department as a part of security deposit for due performance of contract.

Security Deposit:

• The contractor is required to deposit with the owner a sum stated as a percentage of the cost of the work in order to safeguard the interests of the owner in the event of improper performance of the contract.
• The relevant clause should specify the time limit within which the payment has to be made and the mode of payment should be specified.
• However, in big projects the security is taken in the form of bank guarantees. The bank guarantee costs the contractor a small percentage, seldom exceeding two percent per annum of the amount guaranteed with small margin money.
• Accepting the security in terms of the bank guarantee is thus to the advantage of the employer.

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