GATE AR PAPER 2021 SOLVED PART 1
GATE AR PAPER 2021 SOLVED PART 2
Architecture and Planning
Explanation:
(P)
Life cycle assessment is a
cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle analysis technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life, which is from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, and use.
It is a holistic approach that takes into account all the activities involved in the creation of a product, such as raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation and distribution, use and disposal.
Source:
About — IPCC(Q) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
(R) Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) is a unit of energy used to describe the energy content of all fuels, typically on a very large scale.
It is equal to 4.1868 x 1016 Joules, or 41.868 petajoules which is a tremendous amount of energy.
Tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy, defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne (1000 Kilograms) of crude oil. The toe is used to describe large amounts of oil or natural gas in transport or consumption, and will often use a prefix of mega (1 000 000) in order to communicate this as Mtoe.
(S) LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is the most widely used green building rating system.
Explanation:
- International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice Charter 1964)
- Historic Gardens (Florence Charter 1981)
- Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (Washington Charter 1987)
- Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage (1990)
- Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage (1996)
- International Cultural Tourism Charter (1999)
- Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage (1999)
- Principles for the Preservation of Historic Timber Structures (1999)
- ICOMOS Charter – Principles for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage (2003)
- ICOMOS Principles for the preservation and conservation/restoration of wall paintings (2003)
Other documents:
- Guidelines on Education and Training in the Conservation of
- Monuments, Ensembles and Sites (1993)
- Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) p. 46
- Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings
- and Sites (1996)
- Stockholm Declaration (1998)
CHARTERS ADOPTED BY ICOMOS NATIONAL COMMITTEES
- Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China: English language translation, with Chinese text, of the document issued by China ICOMOS.
- Indonesia Charter for Heritage Conservation / Piagam Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia (ICOMOS Indonesia) - 2003
- The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance - (The Burra Charter) (Australia ICOMOS) - 1981, updated in 2013 - [French] [Spanish][Indonesian]
- Charter for the Preservation of Quebec's Heritage (Deschambault Declaration) (ICOMOS Canada) [French]
- Appleton Charter for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment (ICOMOS Canada) - 1983 [French]
- First Brazilian Seminar About the preservation and Revitalization of Historic Centers (ICOMOS Brazil) - 1987
- Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (ICOMOS New Zealand, text revised and approved by the Executive Board of ICOMOS NZ on 4 September 2010)
Explanation:
(P) The School for Spastic Children, New Delhi (Romi Khosla) 1985–1995
The architect’s concern was to create a secure world for children with special needs. The structure is well secured and almost fort like, a building which has often been compared to a mother’s womb.
(Q) Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur (Charles Correa) 1986-1991
The architect’s ideology was to invoke the underlying construct of the
cosmos they are meant to represent, rather than just mere representation. Correa’s interest in the mandala was so much as it can be used to “structure the environment”. The Mandala can be applied when interpreting the scale of a whole city down to understanding that of a house.
In simple words, these squares are the abstraction of
cosmos in geometrical form where architecture is perceived as a bridge between cosmos and the man – the model of “cosmic man” (Vastupurusha Mandala). The Hindu culture hence devised the cosmic man model for infinite applications in architecture whether it is at the level of urban design, public buildings or private dwellings.
(R) Capitol Complex, Chandigarh (Le Corbusier) 1950-1953
SD Sharma, who worked closely with Corbusier on the Capitol Project, said the original design, having the symbol of bull horns on top, has many connotations.
(S) Oberoi Hotel, Bhubaneshwar (Satish Grover) 1950-1953
Although the plan of the hotel is essentially comprised of three squares, successively growing in size and juxtaposed on each other, the basic intent of recreating the strictly linear movement within the Hindu temple is effectively expressed through the straight roof lines of the lobby, which are in contrast to the sharp corners of the walls.
Explanation:
(P)
Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar is a
Mughal garden, linked through a channel to the northeast of Dal Lake, on its right bank located on the outskirts of Srinagar city in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Its other names are Shalimar Garden, Shalimar Bagh, Farah Baksh and Faiz Baksh, and the other famous shore line garden in the vicinity is Nishat Bagh. The Bagh was built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir for his wife Noor Jahan, in 1619. The Bagh is considered the high point of Mughal horticulture. It is now a public park. This time it’s also called as crown of Srinagar.
(Q)
The
Hanging Gardens of Mumbai, also known as
Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens were first built in 1881. Designed by Ulhas Ghapokar, it is said to have been built over one of Bombay’s main water reservoir to protect it from getting polluted, particularly by the nearby towers of silence. It was primarily dedicated to Pherozeshah Mehta, a prominent Parsi political leader, activist and lawyer, whose contributions to the city led to him being named The Lion of Bombay. The garden was renovated to its current state in 1921.
(R) Lalbagh Botanical Garden is one of Bengaluru’s major attractions. A sprawling garden situated in a 240 acres piece of land in the heart of the city, Lalbagh houses India’s largest collection of tropical plants and sub-tropical plants, including trees that are several centuries old. Exhibits like the Snow White and the seven dwarfs, and a topiary park, an expansive lake, a beautiful glasshouse modelled around the Crystal Palace in London adorn the park giving it a surrealistic atmosphere. A watchtower perched on top of a 3000 million years old rocky outcrop (which is a National Geological Monument), built by Kempegowda, the founder of Bengaluru also adorns the picturesque garden.
(S) The Rock Garden of Chandigarh is a sculpture garden for rock enthusiasts in Chandigarh, India. It is also known as Nek Chand Saini's Rock Garden after its founder Nek Chand Saini, a government official who started the garden secretly in his spare time in 1957. Today it is spread over an area of 40 acres (16 ha). It is completely built from industrial, home waste and discarded items.
Explanation:
(P) Removal of suspended solids is generally achieved through the use of sedimentation and/or water filters (usually at a municipal level). By eliminating most of the suspended solids in a water supply, the significant water is usually rendered close to drinking quality.
Coagulation is the chemical water treatment process used to remove solids from water, by manipulating electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water. This process introduces small, highly charged molecules into water to destabilize the charges on particles, colloids, or oily materials in suspension.
(Q) A disinfectant should prevent pathogenic microorganisms from growing in the plumbing after disinfection, causing the water to be recontaminated.
(R) The colour, odour and taste from water can be removed by aeration, treatment by activated carbon and use of copper sulphate.
Aeration is the process in which water is bought in intimate contact with atmospheric air to promote the exchange of gases between water and atmospheric air.
(S) Sewage contains suspended and floating matters in it. The suspended matters are of large size such as tree leaves, paper, gravel; timber-pieces etc. as well as of small size such as sand, silt etc. The large size suspended and floating matters can be removed by passing sewage through screens.
The process of removing the large matters from sewage by passing it through screens is called screening. The floating matters such as oils, grease etc. are removed from the sewage by skimming tanks and this process of removing is called skimming.
Explanation:
The
Badami cave temples are located in the town of Badami in the north-central part of Karnataka, India. The cave temples are 14 miles (23 km) from the UNESCO world heritage site Pattadakal and 22 miles (35 km) from Aihole – another site with over a hundred ancient and early medieval era Hindu, Jain and Buddhist monuments.
Badami, the one time capital of the
Chalukyas , is noted several temples, some structural & other rock-cut, of the 6th & 7th Centuries.
It is believed that
KALUGUMALAI TEMPLE monument was established during 8th century ACE by
Pandya Maranchadayan king. This is a rock cut cave complex and cut out temple on the style of the Mahabalipuram Shore Temple and cave sculptures. This monument is also nick named as “ELLORA OF SOUTH”.
The Vettuvan koil is a monolithic structure which was formed by cutting in single rock with a devotional sculptures during the Paranthaka Nedunchadaian period.
The
Airavatesvara temple at Tanjavur was built by the
Chola king Rajaraja II (1143-1173 CE.): it is much smaller in size as compared to the Brihadisvara temple at Tanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram. It differs from themin its highly ornate execution. The temple consists of a sanctum without a circumambulatory path and axial mandapas. The front mandapa known in the inscriptions as Rajagambhiran tirumandapam, is unique as it was conceptualized as a chariot with wheels. The pillars of this mandapa are highly ornate. The elevation of all the units is elegant with sculptures dominating the architecture. A number of sculptures from this temple are the masterpieces of Chola art. The labelled miniature friezes extolling the events that happened to the 63 nayanmars (Saiva saints) are noteworthy and reflect the deep roots of Saivism in this region. The construction of a separate temple for Devi, slightly later than the main temple, indicates the emergence of the Amman shrine as an essential component of the South Indian temple complex.
Source:
Great Living Chola Temples - UNESCO World Heritage CentreThe
Chennakeshava Temple, Belur was consecrated by the famous Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana to mark his victories in 1116 AD against the Cholas and called the Vijaya Narayana.
The Hoysalas used soft soapstone for their structures as they were found suitable for intricate carvings. Enclosed by a Prakara with a Gopurabuilt in the Vijayanagar style, the temple stands on a platform or Jagati and looks like a huge casket. The fine workmanship and skill visible in this masterpiece is truly breathtaking.
The temple is a fine example of fine quality work of art in stone. There are more than 80 Madanika sculptures in the temple, dancing, hunting, standing under canopies of trees and so on. The 4 Madanika figures (striking elegant dancing poses) on the wonderfully engraved columns of Navaranga are unique creations of Hoysala workmanship. The Garbhagriha is stellar in shape and its zigzag walls make the figures of 24 forms of Vishnu look different at different times of the day due to light. The work of art alone, speaks for the beauty of the magnificient temple. Belur also has a samadhi believed to be of Raghavanka, the celebrated Kannada poet of the 13th century.
Hope you enjoyed the article | Click
here to follow the blog
Click
here to read similar posts
Click
here to see my substandard artwork 🙈
Comments
Post a Comment